Проблемні аспекти кваліфікації та кримінальної відповідальності за умисне вбивство матір’ю своєї новонародженої дитини: порівняльно-правовий аналіз

Abstract

Стаття аналізує кримінально-правову характеристику умисного вбивства, скоєного матір’ю щодо своєї новонародженої дитини, як привілейованого виду злочину. Метою є розв'язання проблем правозастосування для правильного кваліфікування цього злочину за чинним кримінальним законодавством. Основна увага зосереджена на суб’єктивних та об’єктивних ознаках, притаманних статті 117 КК. Зокрема, розглянуто об’єкт злочину, яким є особа, що має особливий зв’язок із дитиною, а також визначено, хто може бути таким суб’єктом. Аналізовано проблеми, пов’язані з часом скоєння вбивства, зокрема момент під час і після пологів. Також акцентовано на психофізичному стані породіллі як елементі суб’єктивної сторони злочину. Порівняно українське законодавство з міжнародною практикою, зокрема у контексті умислу та часу його виникнення. Визначено відмінності між умисним вбивством та залишенням в небезпеці (ст. 135 КК).

The murder of a newborn child by its mother is one of the most serious and dangerous crimes, as it endangers not only the life of the child, but also causes profound moral, ethical, social and legal consequences. This act is not only a violation of the basic principle of protecting human life, but also undermines important social institutions, such as motherhood and the family. Such a crime has serious consequences for society as a whole, as it harms not only the victim, but also violates the moral norms that exist in any civilized society. This type of crime, despite the fact that it has a high level of latency, remains one of the most pressing problems of criminal law. Indeed, since such crimes are often hidden, they are difficult to qualify, which complicates the work of law enforcement agencies. The number of such crimes, as a rule, does not correspond to the real scale of the problem, since maternal love and other factors may influence the inexpediency of disclosing or investigating such cases. In these conditions, the correct legal qualification and effective application of criminal law norms are extremely important. In particular, the issue of the time of the crime is of great importance for the qualification of this act, since not only the legal qualification, but also the assessment of the psychophysical state of the mother depends on whether the murder was committed during or after childbirth. This allows us to understand whether she was able to control her actions at the time of the crime. There are also important aspects related to determining the degree of guilt and intent, which are necessary for the accurate qualification of the crime and determining the appropriate punishment. In addition, through the analysis of international experience, it is possible to draw conclusions about how different countries approach this problem and whether other models of legal qualification can be applied that would contribute to better regulation of such cases in Ukraine. Compared to other jurisdictions, Ukrainian legislation demonstrates some advantages, but also needs improvement, especially in terms of determining the criteria for qualifying the murder of a newborn child. The issue of legal differentiation between maternal homicide and child endangerment is also important. In this context, although the crimes have common elements, they differ significantly in the nature of intent, motives and legal consequences, which requires their demarcation in legal regulation to ensure fair punishment. The correct demarcation of these crimes allows for effective law enforcement practice, which is important for achieving justice and legality in society.